What is "malignant hyperthermia"?

• A. A rare but severe reaction to anesthetic agents leading to a rapid increase in body temperature
• B. A common postoperative complication characterized by slow recovery
• C. An allergic reaction to surgical materials used during an operation
• D. A condition that causes blood clotting during surgery

Answer: (A)

Malignant hyperthermia is a rare but severe reaction to certain anesthetic agents, particularly volatile anesthetics and the muscle relaxant succinylcholine. When triggered, it leads to a rapid increase in body temperature and a hypermetabolic state in skeletal muscle, resulting in muscle rigidity, tachycardia, and acidosis. This condition is considered a critical emergency in the perioperative setting, as it can lead to serious complications, including brain damage or death if not treated quickly.

The typical process of malignant hyperthermia begins with exposure to the triggering agents, followed by an uncontrolled release of calcium ions from the sarcoplasmic reticulum in muscle cells. This pathophysiological response results in increased metabolism, rapidly elevating body temperature and causing muscle damage. Immediate management involves the administration of dantrolene sodium, which acts to restore calcium balance in the muscles and mitigate the hypermetabolic state.

Understanding this condition is crucial for perioperative staff, as it requires prompt recognition and intervention to prevent severe consequences.